Fiscal information contain in one-year studies that the companies are published in sporadically. That period is identified as coverage period. Company obligates to supply fiscal information to their assorted stakeholders during the past coverage period.
Annual study is a study the company describe their comprehensive minutess and events to print and supply for needed parties. There are few grounds to print one-year studies by companies by and large as follows.
Because companies have legal duty between companies and the authorities act implemented for companies is known as company act 2007 No 7. The company act ‘s subdivision 150, 151, 152 and 153 has reference the duty to fix fiscal statements, content and signifier of fiscal statements, duty to fix group fiscal statements and content and signifier of group fiscal statements consequently.
Stakeholders of the company necessitate the fiscal information for following grounds.
To cognize how good the company is making.
To happen company has earned more money than they spent.
To acquire an thought about strategic and tactical programs of the direction.
To supply information to do determinations who make determinations about organisatoin.
Avoid deceptions and corruptnesss of the administration.
Through the audit procedure, administration will be able to place failings of their control of processs and corruptnesss occurred due to them.
To obtain and carry through the fiscal demands from cautionary markets via fiscal equipments such as portions, unsecured bonds, bank loans and etc.
1.1. Importance of Financial Information to Stakeholders
However the fiscal information require by stakeholders of the administration. Stakeholder of the administration can split into two. The bellow chart represents the stakeholders of the administration harmonizing to the environment they belongs to.
Stakeholders of the Administration
External stakeholders
a ) . Suppliers and Trade creditors
B ) . Government
degree Celsius ) . Consumers
vitamin D ) . Public
vitamin E ) . Medias
Internal Stakeholders
a ) .Directors & A ; Directors
B ) . Stockholders
degree Celsius ) . Employees
( Diagram 01 )
Above chart shows the divergence of stakeholders of the administration and they require fiscal information due to assorted intents.
1.1.1. Directors and Directors
To do determinations about the administration in different clip and in different degree. Directors and directors of the administration are taking different types of determinations as follows.
About new investing and undertaking grasp determination.
About continued and discontinued operations.
Dividend determinations.
Diversified concern determination.
Weaving up determination.
To set up overall aims and periodical marks.
To avoid deceptions and corruptnesss.
To set up squired systems and strengthens control of processs.
To increase the productiveness degree of the administration.
1.1.2. Stockholders
To find whether their investing will be sold, Holt or bought more portions of the organisation.
To decided the equity of the returned for their investings.
To find the traveling concern of the administration.
To obtain broad cognition about the organisational activities.
To compare their investings and their benefits with other competitory organisations and industries.
1.1.3. Employees
To cognize about the stableness and profitableness of the employer.
To cognize about wage, retirement benefits, and employment chances are in administration
To guarantee the occupation security with the current employer.
To guarantee the equity of the wages and rewards they obtain from the organisation harmonizing to their net incomes.
To hold a clear position about other operations of the administration.
1.1.4. Suppliers
To guarantee their payments of supplies will be received on due.
To guarantee the stableness of their clients.
To hold knowledge about other merchandises and their providers of the administration.
To compare their dealing with bing and other companies
To happen other competitory providers and their part towards the administration.
To happen chances to provide more.
1.1.5. Government
To roll up accurate revenue enhancements and sums from organisations on due day of the months.
To supply authorities benefaction to better their concern.
To obtain fiscal and non-financial aid for authorities development undertakings.
To guarantee the organisations oversee their employees in sensible manner.
To guarantee the organisations conformity with authorities regulations, ordinances and acts that established by the authorities.
1.1.6. Consumers
To hold knowledge about the cost construction of the merchandises that the administration is bring forthing.
To guarantee the stableness of the administration.
To cognize about the organisation ‘s profitableness, because profitableness is a caducous visible radiation to cognize about merchandises impossible growing, betterments, best client service and low monetary value strategic deductions.
To cognize about CSR plans conducted by the administration.
1.1.7. Public
To conscious about organisation ‘s significant part towards the society.
To cognize about the chances to associate with the administration.
To cognize about CSR part towards the state.
To conscious their activities which can be affected to involvement of the nature and the state.
2. Standards demand for published Financial Statements
The full organisations specially registered in Sri Lanka need to fix their fiscal statements harmonizing to the demands of the accounting criterion issued by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka ( ICASL ) . ICASL is responsible for prepare and publish all accounting criterion which are comparative and necessary to fix fiscal statements.
The full organisations need to be adopted and conformity with the accounting criterion which issued by the ICASL and need to advert under the notes to the fiscal statements of their one-year study. This note can place as Note of Compliance. As an illustration Richard Pearis PLC has mentioned their note of conformity as follows.
“ The Financial Statements of the Company and the Group, consisting the Balance Sheet, Income Statement, Statement of Changes in Equity, the Cash Flow Statement, Accounting Policies and Notes to the Financial Statements are prepared on the footing of the historical cost conventions, and in conformance with Generally Accepted Accounting Principles and Accounting Standards laid down by the Institute of Chartered Accountants of Sri Lanka. These rules and criterions have been applied systematically with that of the old twelvemonth. No accommodations are made for inflationary factors impacting these Financial Statements. ”
There is a list of accounting criterions. It ‘s dwelling with 28 LKASs and 8 SLFRSs. ( See appendix 01 ) .
2.1. LKAS 8: – Accounting Policies, Changes in Accounting Estimates and Mistakes.
As per the demand of LKAS 8 all of the companies need to advert their accounting policies estimates that they have used to fix their fiscal statements during the coverage period. Because due to the alteration of any policy of the company will be affected retrospectively and caused to restated of comparative information unless it is infeasible to make so. Appendix 02 represents important accounting policies and estimations that usage by Richard Pearis PLC.
2.2. SLFRS 8: – Operating Sections
As per the above criterion company may hold some operating sections. Operating section can specify as follows ;
Operating section is a constituent of an entity,
It may gain gross and incur disbursals to the administration,
Operating consequences are revived by board of managers and
Discrete fiscal information is available.
Bellow tabular array shows the segmental operations of Richard Pearis PLC.
( Table 01 ) ( Richard Pearis PLC, ( 2012 ) . ‘Financial Statements ‘ In: ( erectile dysfunction ) , Arpico Annual Report. 2012: Sri Lanka pp.41. )
2.3. LKAS 34: – Interim Financial Reporting.
LKAS 34 requires fixing interim fiscal studies due to seasonably and dependable interim fiscal coverage improves the ability of investors, creditors, and other to understand an endeavor ‘s capacity to bring forth net incomes and hard currency flows and its fiscal conditions and liquidness. Richard Pearis PLC prepares their interim fiscal studies harmonizing to the undermentioned fiscal cullender.
Financial Calendar
2011/2012
2010/11
Interim Reports:
A
A
One-fourth ended 30th June
12th August 2011
30th July 2010
One-fourth ended 30th September
14th November 2011
3rd November 2010
One-fourth ended 31th December
15th February 2012
8th February 2011
Annual Report:
24th May 2012
27th May 2011
( Table 02 ) ( Richard Pearis PLC, ( 2012 ) . ‘Financial Statements ‘ In: ( erectile dysfunction ) , Arpico Annual Report. 2012: Sri Lanka pp.27. )
2.4. SLFRS 4: – Insurance Contracts
This criterion is applied virtually all insurance contracts that an entity issues and to reinsurance contracts that it keep. This is non applied to other assets and liabilities such as covering under the range of LKAS 39 fiscal instruments acknowledgment and measuring. Therefore company demand to disclosure following information as demand of this criterion.
Accounting policies for insurance contracts and related assets, liabilities, income and disbursals.
The recognized assets, liabilities, income, disbursals and hard currency flows originating from insurance contracts.
If the insurance company is a cedant, certain extra revelations are required.
Information about premises that have the greatest consequence on the measuring of assets, liabilities, income and disbursals including, if operable, quantified revelations of those premises.
The consequence of alterations of premises.
Reconciliations of alterations in insurance liabilities, reinsurance assets and if any related deferred acquisition cost.
2.5. SLFRS 6: – Exploration for and Evaluation of Mineral Resources
Under this criterion affected activities such as ;
The hunt for mineral,
Determination of the proficient feasibleness and commercial viability of pull outing those resources.
Following are specially excluded from the range of the SLFRS 6 ;
Outgos incurred before the entity has obtained legal rights to research in a specific country and
Outgo incurred after the proficient feasibleness and commercial viability of pull outing a mineral resource are incontrovertible.
The accounting policy that entity can use for mineral resources are ;
All outgos related to geographic expedition and rating assets need to incur to gain and loss and first acknowledgment of the plus required to mensurate at cost, later whether cost or reappraisal theoretical account.
Exploration and rating assets need represent in balance sheet, if its satisfy LKAS 16 demands under belongings workss and equipments or if its satisfy LKAS 38 demands under intangible assets.
2.6. LKAS 16: – Property Plant and Equipments
Property, Plants and Equipments ( PPE ) are touchable points that ;
Are held for usage in the production or supply of goods or services, for rental to others, or for administrative intents and
Are expected to be usage during more than one accounting period.
( Mapitiya, ( 2011 ) . ‘Definitions of Standard ‘ In: Gayan ( erectile dysfunction ) , LKAS 16 Property works and Equipment. 1st erectile dysfunction. 2011: Sri Lanka pp.4. )
The cost of assets of an point of PPE shall be recognized as assets if and merely if ;
It is likely that future economic benefits generate with the point will flux to the entity.
The cost of the point can be measured faithfully.
All belongings, works and equipments require to stand for in balance sheet under non-current assets and necessitate to be valued whether cost or reappraisal theoretical account.
Every belongings, works and equipment demand depreciate. Depreciation can specify as systematic allotment of the depreciable sum of an plus over its utile life.
Depreciable Amount = Cost-Residual Value
Useful life of the plus is the period the entity is expected to utilize. It will be vary from each and every plus. Company can utilize different types of depreciation methods that mentioned in the criterion. They are ;
Straight line method.
Reducing Balance method.
Unit of measurements of production method.
Bellow tabular arraies show the belongings, works and equipments, their utile life and depreciation sums.
Note 12 – Property, PLANT AND EQUIPMENT
12.1
Amalgamate
A
Cost
Balance as at 1-4-2012
Additions
Balance as at 31-3-2012
A
A
Rs. ‘000
Rs. ‘000
Rs. ‘000
A
Freehold Land and Buildings
57,668
3,018
60,686
A
Constructing on Leasehold Land
103,888
1,617
105,505
A
Plant and Machinery, Electrical Equipment
692,424
26,328
718,752
A
Tools and Office Equipment
20,999
422
21,421
A
Furniture and Adjustments
5,145
–
5,145
A
Motor Vehicles
12,525
–
12,525
A
Computers
13,446
352
13,798
A
Roadss and Other Infrastructure
6,930
–
6,930
A
Tube Well
180
–
180
A
A
913,205
31,737
944,942
( Table 03 ) ( ( Richard Pearis PLC, ( 2012 ) . ‘Financial Statements ‘ In: ( erectile dysfunction ) , Arpico Annual Report. 2012: Sri Lanka pp.45. )
Depreciation and Damage
Balance as at 1-4-2012
Charge for the twelvemonth
Charge for the twelvemonth
Balance as at 31-3-2012
A
Rs. ‘000
Rs. ‘000
Rs. ‘000
Rs. ‘000
Freehold Land and Buildings
39,095
1,354
–
40,449
Constructing on Leasehold Land
26,191
5,248
–
31,439
Plant and Machinery, Electrical Equipment
543,934
32,540
93
576,567
Tools and Office Equipment
20,025
752
–
20,777
Furniture and Adjustments
5,116
23
–
5,139
Motor Vehicles
12,525
–
–
12,525
Computers
12,934
278
–
13,212
Roadss and Other Infrastructure
3,951
347
–
4,298
Tube Well
180
–
–
180
A
663,951
40,542
93
704,586
Net Book Value
249,254
A
A
240,356
( Table 04 ) ( Richard Pearis PLC, ( 2012 ) . ‘Financial Statements ‘ In: ( erectile dysfunction ) , Arpico Annual Report. 2012: Sri Lanka pp.45. )
Constructing on Leasehold Land
Over the period of rental
Constructing on Freehold Land
Over 20 Old ages
Plant & A ; Machinery, Electrical Equipment
Over 10 Old ages
Furniture & A ; Adjustments
Over 04 – 05 Old ages
Tools & A ; Office Equipment
Over 04 – 05 Old ages
Motor Vehicles
Over 04 – 05 Old ages
Computers
Over 03 – 05 Old ages
Roadss and Other Infrastructure
Over 20 Old ages
Tube Well
Over 10 Old ages
( Table 05 ) ( Richard Pearis PLC, ( 2012 ) . ‘Financial Statements ‘ In: ( erectile dysfunction ) , Arpico Annual Report. 2012: Sri Lanka pp.36. )
2.7. LKAS 38: – Intangible Assetss
Intangible Assetss are that identifiable non-monitory assets without any physical substance.
( Jayasigha, ( 2011 ) . ‘Intangibla Assets ‘ In: Dimuthu ( erectile dysfunction ) , LKAS 38. 1st erectile dysfunction. 2011: Sri Lanka pp.2. )
There are three critical characteristics of intangible assets. They are
